Landmarks in Agriculture and Fertiliser in India

Landmarks in Agriculture and Fertiliser in India

http://www.faidelhi.org/article%20-dr%20biswas/article%20bcb-jan11.pdf

      FERTILISER MARKETING NEWS   JANUARY 2011 
Many important and interesting events
had taken place in the past which had
greatly influenced the Indian agriculture
in general and the soil fertility, fertiliser
use research, education, extension and
promotion in particular in the country.
The informations in relation to the
landmarks have been documented and
are available in different publications
(7,8,11). Some important landmarks
have been mentioned in this paper for
the ready reference of the readers. One
of the most important landmarks that
influenced the agricultural research,
education and extension of the country
to a great extent in 1960s has been
positioned as the backdrop of a case
study of a practising farmer who has
been performing exceedingly well. For
the convenience of presentation, land
marks have been divided into two groups
i.e. (i) events that happened before
independence and (ii) events that
happened after independence.
Landmarks that had taken place before
independence have been mentioned in
Table 1.
Agriculture research is as old as fertiliser
industry in India. The first Agriculture
Research Institute was established in old
PUSA , Bihar in 1905 and the first fertiliser
production unit was established in 1906
in Ranipet in Tamil Nadu (Table 1). In the
first 50 years of the last century, the
fertiliser use was confined mainly to
plantation crops in view of better crop
response to fertilisers.
Landmarks in Agriculture and Fertiliser in India
THE SUCCESS STORY OF A UTTARAKHAND FARMER
B. C. BISWAS
Consultant
The Fertiliser Association of India, New Delhi
Landmarks in agriculture and fertiliser are many. Some of them have made direct impact on agriculture
and fertiliser use in the country, but a few could really sustain the impact on the farming community for a
long. Many of the organizations are engaged in the welfare of the farming community. In this paper, an
attempt has been made to highlight the spirit of farm management of a small farmer of Uttarakhand in
spite of changed surroundings.
Table 1 - Some landmarks that took place before independence
Year Landmarks Remarks
1885 Long term fertiliser trials at Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
R B S College, Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh
1892 J W Leather became Imperial Chemist
1905 Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research,
PUSA Bihar
1906 SSP unit Ranipet, Tamil Nadu
1909 LTME, PUSA, Coimbatore etc
1922 Rabindranath Tagore Experiment, Sriniketan,
West Bengal
1928 Royal Commission on Agriculture( RCA) RCA recommended to
establish Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR)
1929 Imperial Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
1933 Production of Ammonium Sulphate as by product of Steel Industry
1941 Production of Ammonium Sulphate by using H2SO4
1942 Grow More Food Campaign initiated
1943 Soil map of India by Viswanath and Ukil
All India Soil Survey Scheme launched
1944 Central Fertiliser Pool initiated
1947 A B Stewart submitted report on soil fertility
investigation with reference to manuring to ICAR
The tragic Bengal famine (1942-43) which
took away the lives of millions forced the
British Government to think seriously
about the food security in the country.
Grow More Food Campaign was
launched. Central Rice Research Institute
(CRRI) was established in Cuttack in
Orissa in 1946. It may be mentioned that
Rice Research Institute at Chinchura
(West Bengal) and Rice Research
Institute in Marutaru in Andhra Pradesh
were already in existence. India became
independent in 1947. In 1949, with the
appointment of the Radhakrishnan
University Education Commission,
agricultural education through setting up
of rural universities became a focal point.
Landmarks after Independence
For the convenience of presentation, the
landmarks that took place after independence
have been subdivided in stage I
(1948-1967), stage II(1968-1990) and stage
III (1991-2010). The first 20 years after
independence were devoted to infrastructure
development, creation of irrigation
facilities, evaluation of soil fertility,
production of fertilisers, improvement of
crop varieties, and creation of facilities for
research, education and extension though
establishments of agricultural universities
(Table 2).
As rice was the staple food of the country,
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the improvement in rice productivity was
given due attention. Japanese method of
rice cultivation was tested in the country.
In some cases, the yield obtained was
quite high, but the same was not sustained.
Some NP varieties of wheat were
developed at Indian Agricultural
Research Institute, but these were not so
input responsive.
“In 1954 an Indo- American team led by
Dr K R Damle, arrived with the idea of
establishing a Rural University on the
land grant pattern of USA. As a
consequence a contract between the
Government of India, The Technical
Cooperation Mission and some land grant
universities of USA was signed to
promote agricultural education in the
country. The university of Tennessee, the
Ohio State University, the Kansas State
University, The University of Illiniois,
The Pennsylvania State University and
the University of Missouri were included
in collaborative endeavourer. The task
of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing
an Agricultural University was assigned
to the university of Illinois which signed
a contract in 1959 to establish an
agricultural University in UP. Dean, H.
W. Hannah, of the Illinois prepared a
blueprint for an Agricultural University
to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the
district of Nainital. It is imperative to make
mention here that in the initial stage, the
University of Illinois also provided the
services of its scientists and professors.
Thus in 1960, the first agricultural
university of India, UP Agricultural
University , came into being, by an act of
Legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The
University was dedicated to the nation
by the first Prime Minister of India Pt
Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November, 1960.
It was then renamed as Govind Ballabh
Pant University of Agriculture and
Technology in 1972 keeping in view the
contribution of Pt G B Pant , the then the
Chief Minister of UP.
The sound foundation of the University
is rightly credited to the first Vice
Chancellor, late Dr Kenneth Anthony
Parker Stevenson (1/12/58 to 2/1/64) who
kept people fruitfully engaged on the
Table 2 – Post Independence landmarks : Stage I (1948—1967)
Year Landmarks
1948 Simple fertiliser trials (SFT) with N & P started in Bihar
1949 Dr S Radhakrishnan Commission on Education
1951 Sindri fertiliser factory set up by Fertiliser Corporation of India
under - potash scheme, K trials on farmers fields started
1952 NP & NPK simple fertiliser trials in corn
1952 Simple fertiliser trials on Farmers Field and Model Agronomy Project started by ICAR
Soil fertility and fertiliser use project with TMC assistance initiated
National Extension Service started
1954 First Batch of 24 Soil Testing Laboratories set up
1955 The Fertiliser Association of India (FAI) was born
1956 Kisan Khad Scheme started for promotion of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
by European Industry
Ist Soil test developed in India (N test by Subbiah and Asija)
1957 Ist All India Coordinated Crop Improvement Project on Maize
FCO under Essential Commodoties Act came into existence
1958 Panchayati Raj System introduced
CD blocks divided according to stage of development
1959 TV introduced
Production of Urea, Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate started
Extension education institute started
1960 Ist Agric university , U P Agriculture University at Pantnagar
IADP programme initiated
1961 Ist maize hybrid released for cultivation, Production of CAN at Nangal started
Japan Urea center started for urea promotion
Centre for study of Nitrogen started by European N industry
1962 Production of ammonium phosphate started
1963 National Seeds Corporation set up
1964 First Krishi Vigyan Kendra was established in Pondichery
1965 Sivaraman Committee Report Submitted
Production of Nitrophosphates at Trombay
Reorganisation of ICAR and initiation of coordinated research projects
HYV of rice introduced
National Demonastration started with HYVs
First generation TV service started on regular basis
Village adoption programme started by Industry
1966 Fertiliser marketing liberalized as recommend by the Sivaraman Committee
Rice variety IR8 released for general cultivation HYV programme started
Farm and home unit started at radio stations
Zn deficiency in rice reported by Prof Nene
1967 India bred HYVs of rice (Jaya, Padma) released
Table 3 – Post independence landmarks, Stage III (1968-1990)
 1968 Wheat variety Kalyan Sona released
Production of NPK complexes, TSP, Urea Ammonium Phosphate started.
Farm service centres started by Industry (GSFC)
A KVK started at R K Mission, Ranchi
1969 Coordinated research on soil test crop response correlation started
Coordinated research on micronutrients started
Central Soil Salinity Research Institute set up
FAI started training of fertiliser personnel
ANP promotion programme started
First district-level soil fertility maps published by Ramamoorthy
and Bajaj
Production of phosphate rock started at Udaipur
Fertiliser pilot schemes started in U.P. with United Kingdom assistance and in
Maharashtra with Japanese assistance
 1970 Agro service centres set up by agro industries
Coordinated research on dryland agriculture started
Coordinated research project on longterm fertiliser experiments started
Area under HYVs crossed 10 million hectares
Rice minikit programme started
Fertiliser consumption crossed 2 million tonnes (N+P2O5
 +K2O)
Continued.....
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 1971 Development agencies for small and marginal farmers set up.
Efficiency of neem cake in improving N-use : efficiency reported by Bains et.al.
Green Revolution in India
1972 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
set up near Hyderabad.
Central scheme for development of pulses started.
1973 Global energy (oil) crisis.
Block demonstration started in Karnataka by MCFL.
Operational research projects (ORP) initiated by ICAR.
Area under HYVs crossed 20 million ha.
1974 Fertiliser prices doubled in wake of global energy crisis
Training and visit (T&V) system of extention introduced.
Indo-German Fertiliser Educational Project launched.
Establishment of farm science centres through KVKs by ICAR.
Zinc sulphates, first micronutrient fertiliser brought into the Fertiliser (Control) Order.
Command area development programme started
1975 Minimum support prices for crops introduced by government.
Satellite Instructional Television (SITE) undertaken.
Pilot project on rice and wheat initiated in Maharashtra.
1976 National Commission on Agriculture report submitted.
Intensive fertiliser promotion campaign launched.
FAO/UK/HFCL dryland farming educational programme started in MP
Area under HYV crossed 30 million ha
 1977 Marathe Committee Report on Fertiliser Pricing System submitted.
Potash Research Institute of India established by IPL.
Retention price formula for fertilisers introduced
Fertiliser consumption crossed 3 million tonnes( N+P2O5
+K2O).
1978 NCAER fertiliser demand survey showed that 45% farmers did not use fertiliser
Multi agency system for handling imported fertilisers introduced.
Oilseeds included in minimum support price programme.
Fertiliser consumption crossed 4 million tonnes( N+P2O5
+K2O).
Number of fertiliser sale points exceeded.100,000
 1979 Complex fertiliser also brought under retention price system,
Production of supergranules (USG) for trial purposes started by IFFCO.
Area under HYVS
 crossed 40 million ha.
Fertiliser consumption crossed 5 million tonnes( N+P2O5
+K2O)
ICAR, lab to land programme launched.
1980 New version of intensive fertiliser promotion campaign started.
Urea ammonium nitrate solution produced for trail purpose by NFL.
Block delivery scheme for fertilisers introduced.
1981 Indo British Fertiliser Education Project launched by HFC in 25 districts.
Fertiliser consumption crossed 6 million tonnes( N+P2O5
+K2O.)
1982 SSP brought under statutory price control.
Indian Society of Soil Science hosted the 12th International
Congress of Soil Science.
1983 Fertiliser consumption crossed 7 million tonnes (N+P2O5
+K2O)
1984 National agriculture input fortnights started.
Special rice production programme started.
Area under HYVS crossed 50 million ha.
1985 Indo-EEC Fertiliser educational programme started in the northen-western
and southern regions by FACT, NFL and RCF.
National oilseed development project launched.
Fertiliser consumption crossed 8 million tonnes (N+P2O5
+K2O)
1986 Technology mission on oilseeds set up.
Polyphosphates produced for trial purpose at RCF.
Lead Fertiliser suppliers(LFS) for districts and states identified.
1987 G.V.K Rao Committee Report on Fertiliser Consumer Prices submitted.
Indian Institute of Soil Science established at Bhopal.
FAO –Sulphur Net work Trail started
1988 Indo Canadian Agriculture Extension Project initiated by IPL in UP.
National project on development of fertiliser use in rainfed low
fertiliser consuming areas started.
1989 Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada sets up an office in the country.
Area under HYVs crossed 60 mha
1990 India crosses 11 million tonnes fertiliser nutrient consumption.
Fortified fertiliser (Zincated urea, boronated SSP) and USG included in FCO
university farm, the labs, and the
classrooms despite the fear of wild animals
roaming the area. In the initial days, the
university earned very good names. It
attracted the student and staff from all over
the country in addition to the foreign staff.
In late 1960s, in a conference held in
Delhi, the Dean of the University proudly
declared “ If any of our students fail to
perform, we would withdraw his/her
degree”
The university helped to establish more
than 30 agricultural universities in the
country. It played a key role in the
development of the Green Revolution
Techonogy in India. Khaira Disease
(Zn deficiency disease) was discovered
by Prof Nene (Table 2) of this university.
Rice production increased from 20.5 mt in
1950-51 to 43.2 mt in 1970-71 while wheat
production increased from 6.4 mt to 23.8
mt during the same period. That means the
wheat production increase was about 4
fold. This unprecedented increase in rice
and wheat production is popularly
known as Green Revolution (Table 3).
Sea change was seen in agriculture sector
where fertiliser use has played a key role.
Fertiliser consumption increased from 69.8
thousand tonnes in 1950-51 to 2.25mt in
1970-71.
The farmers of the nearby area of the
university still remember the contribution
made by the staff and students of the
university in the transferring the
technology to the their farms. Of late,
however, the tempo of earlier days has
become a history of the past. The
university seems to have aged.
A SUCCESS STORY OF 70 YEARS
OLD YOUNG FARMER
The 50 years old university looks very old
while the farmers of the area ill afford to
do so. The farmers whose main source of
income is farming, have tried their best to
improve their productivity and
profitability. It is interesting to make a
mention here that the farmer’s yield is
much higher than that of the state average
Table 3 – Post independence land marks, stage 11 (1968-1990) (Concluded)
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yield and also of the yield obtained by
the university farm now (Table 5).
State Yield
Uttarakhand the newly born state where
the first agriculture university is now
situated has little area under plain land.
The major part of the state is hilly. And
the hilly areas have serious problems of
irrigation facilities, acidity, small and
marginal farmers, marketing, availability
of various inputs like good quality seeds,
fertilisers, etc. That is why the crop
productivity is low in the hilly tract of the
state. On the other hand , the Tarai area of
the state particularly the U S Nagar district
is very productive. The input availability
is not a problem in this district. Fertiliser
consumption per ha is more than 350 kg.
Crop productivity is also high. But the
yield of the long term fertiliser trials
located in the university is slightly better
(Table 5).
University Yield
Crop Productivty (t/ha) in long term
fertiliser experiment in university farm is
given in Table 5.
Farmer’s Yield
The farmers of the U S Nagar are very
innovative. A short account of such a
small farmer having only 4 acres (16,000
sqm) find a place here. The name of the
farmer is Shri Dharma Nand Nailwal. He
belongs to village Chukati Devriah, PO
Devriah, District U S Nagar, Uttarakhand.
Shri Nailwal has three daughters and a
son. All daughters are married and the
son is in service. He is not English literate,
but progresses profound knowledge and
skill in agriculture. His day starts early. His
farm land is about two km away from his
residence. His morning walk cum regular
field visits begin at about 8 AM. Regular
field visit which is done religiously helps
him to plan meticulously and perform the
farm operation efficiently. At the age of 70,
he is young at heart.”One who works for
salary only is a slave while one who loves
to work is the Master” Shri Nailwal is the
 Table 4 – Post independence landmarks : Stage III (1991-2010)
 1991 Dual Pricing.
Decontrol of A/S, CAN and Ammonium Chloride.
 1992 Joint (Parliamentary) Committee on Fertiliser Pricing.
Decontrol of P&K fertilisers.
 1993 Decanalisation of MOP.
 1998 High Powered Fertilizer Pricing Policy Review
Committee (HPC)
(Hanumantha Rao Committee).
 2001 Expert Committee on Reassessment. of
Production Capacity.
National Agriculture Policy Announced.
 2003 Inclusion of Sulphur in FCO as plant Nutrient
Establishment of Central Agricultural University.
New Pricing Scheme for Urea units (NPS).
 2005 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
National Horticultural Mission.
 2007 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana.
National Food Security Mission.
National Commission on Farmers.
 2008 Subsidy on Sulphur in Complex fertiliser.
Guidelines for production and use of Customized Fertilizers.
Policy for encouraging production and availability for
fortified and coated fertilisers.
 2009 Revised policy for ad hoc concession for SSP.
Certified Crop Advisor (India) by IRRI started.
 2010 Nutrient based subsidy (NBS) on P& K fertilisers introduced w.e.f
1.4.2010 and for SSP w.e.f 1.5.2010
International Zinc Associations office in India
Fertiliser consumption crossed 25 mt (N+P2O5
+K2O).
 Table 5 – Crop productivity (t/ha) in long term fertiliser experiment
at the university farm
Location Crop Treatment (100%NPK+FYM)
 Yield (t/ha)
Ludhiana
Maize 4.2
Wheat 5.5
Cowpea 5.2
Pantnagar
Rice 4.7
Wheat 4.7
Cowpea 1.0
Source : (10)
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Table 6 – Economics of Rice and Wheat cultivation (Rs/ha)
Sl. No. Particulars Rice Wheat Remarks
1 Land preparation 12500.0 12500.0
2 Seeds(50+125) 750.0 12500.0
3 Manures 3000.0 nil
4 Fertilisers 2297.0 3527.0
5 Irrigation 7125.0 1710.0
6 Plant protection 5000.0 375.0
7 Weeding 3000.0 200.0
8 Harvesting &Threshing 2500.0 2500.0
9 Others
10 Total cost 36172.0 23937.0
11 Yield Tonnes/ha) 7.5 6.25
12 Price(Rs/t) 8000.00 11000.0
Bhusa
13 Income 60,000 68750.0
14 Net profit 23828.0 44813.0
15 System total 68641.00
Table 7 – Economics of sugarcane cultivation (Rs./ha)
Sl. No Particulars Planted Ratoon Remarks
1 Land preparation &planting 5000.0 nil
2 Seeds 8505.0 nil
3 Fertilisers 8739.0 796.0
4 Manures 1800.0 nil
5 Irrigation 6840.0 6840.0
6 Plant protection 500.0 1500.0
7 Weeding 2400.0 2400.0
8 Tying 500.0 500.0
9 Harvesting 750.0 6000.0
10 Others
11 Total cost 41034.0 18036.0
12 Yield (T/acre) 45 40
13 Price(Rs/t) 2400 2400
14 Income (Rs/acre) 108000.0 96000.0
15 Net profit (Rs/acre) 66966.0 77964.0
16 Net Profit (Rs/ha) 167415.0 194910.0
17 Total profit(Rs/ha) 362325.0
master in real sense.
Master Nailwal has been practising
various cropping systems, namely ricewheat
system, sugarcane system, mixed
cropping of sugarcane and pea, mixed
cropping of sugarcane and lahi, summer
rice and animal husbandry system. In
addition, he has some fruit crops (mango,
guava, etc) which are used for domestic
consumption. Master Nailwal is seen in
his field (Photographs).
Rice-Wheat
Rice-wheat cropping system occupies
about 12.33 million hectare (mha) area in
India of which about 10 mha lies in the
Indo-Gangetic plains. Rice- wheat in IndoGangetic
plains covers 75 % of the total
rice and 63 % of the total wheat area of the
country making it the most widely adopted
and important cropping system of the
region. Rice-wheat system has the great
appetite for plant nutrients and has the
yield potential of 8-12 t/ha/annum. This
system has contributed to the lion’s share
of the Green Revolution in the country.
The rice and wheat yields that the farmer
under reference obtained were 7.5 and
6.25 tonnes/ha respectively. These are
very high compared to the national
average yield and the Uttarakhand state
yields. Organic manure was used in rice
only. The fertiliser used in wheat was
higher than that of rice. The net profit he
obtained was higher in wheat (Rs 44813/
ha) than in rice (Rs.23828/ha). The total
profit of rice–wheat amounts to be Rs
68641/ha (Table 6). The cost benefit ratio
is about 1.0 which is quite low. It may be
mentioned here that the yield obtained by
the farmer under discussion is much higher
than the yield obtained by the farmers of
western Uttar Pradesh (2).
Summer Rice
Master Nailwal has the experience of
growing summer rice The yield he got
was very high (12tonnes/ha). The manure
and fertiliser use was high. Insect-pest
infestation is relatively less. Price he
obtained was higher. Therefore, net
profit he got was also higher (Table 7).
The cost benefit ratio (2.49) was also
more attractive Summer rice consumes
higher amount of irrigation water. It is
reported that 3000 to 5000 liters of water
are needed to produce a kg of rice.
Therefore, to reduce the water need of rice
production, new rice culture technology
called SRI may be adopted (5). It seems
in Punjab summer rice cultivation has
been banned. It may be banned in
Uttarakhand also in years to come.
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Cultivation of alternate crops/cropping
systems therefore, need to be encouraged.
Sugarcane System
Sugarcane is also an important crop in
this area. Sugarcane this year fetcheed
very good price. The yield obtained was
high (45t/acre-112.5t/ha). Money spent on
manure and fertiliser use was higher
(Rs10539/ha) in planted crop than the
ratoon. Interestingly the net profit was
higher in ratoon (Rs194910/ha) than
planted crop (Rs167415/ha). The cost
benefit ratio of the system was Rs.2.45
(Table 8). This yield is comparable to the
yield obtained by the prize winning
farmers of the western Uttar Pradesh (4).
This also indicates the fact that crop
management is the key to high productivity.
Mixed Cropping Systems
Sugarcane + Pea
As sugarcane is relatively long duration
crop, vegetable crop like pea can be
conveniently grown in October planted
sugarcane. Pea has a different kind of
rooting system and being a legume, it is
Table 8 – Economics of a mixed crop of sugarcane (October planting)
and pea (Rs/ha)
Sl. No Particulars Sugarcane Pea Remarks
1 Land preparation & planting 5000.0 nil
2 Seed 8505.0 1200.0
3 Fertilisers 8739.0
4 Manures 1800.0
5 Irrigation 6840.0 1000.0
6 Plant protection 500.0 500.0
7 Weeding 2400.0 1000.0
8 Tying 500.0
9 Harvesting 6750.0 3000.0
10 Total cost 41034.0 6700.0
11 Yield (t/ha) 45 12
12 Price(Rs/t) 2400.0 7000.0
13 Income (Rs/acre) 108000.0 84000.0
14 Net profit(Rs/acre) 66966.0 77300.0
15 Net profit (Rs/ha) 167415.0 193250.0
16 Total net profit(Rs/ha) 360665.00
Table 9 – Economics of a mixed crop of sugarcane and lahi ( Rs/ha)
Sl. No Particulars Sugarcane Lahi Remarks
1 Land preparation & planing 5000.0
2 Seed 8505.0 60.0
3 Fertilisers 8739.0
4 Manures 1800.0
5 Irrigation 6840.0 570.0
6 Plant protection 500.0
7 Weeding 2400.0
8 Tying 500.0
9 Harvesting 750.0 1000.0
10 Total 41034.0 1630.0
11 Yield(t/acre) 45 0.8
12 Price (Rs/t) 2400.0 30000.0
13 Income (Rs/acre) 108000.0 2400.0
14 Net profit (Rs/acre) 66966.0 22370.0
15 Net profit(Rs/ha) 167415.0 55925.0
16 Total profit (Rs/ha) 223340.0
capable of harvesting the legume effect.
Therefore, its inclusion in the system,
has an added advantage of improvement
of soil fertility. It is appropriate to mention
that it is economically more attractive than
even the sugarcane cropping system (Table
9). The total net profit generated was Rs
360665/ha wherein the contribution of pea
was about 53 percent . After the emergence
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of the crop is also very high. The net
profit generated by the system is
Rs.223340 wherein the contribution of lahi
was about 25% (Table 10). As the land
availability for growing sole crop of
oilseeds is a serious problem, this type of
mixed crop with high value will go a long
way in increasing oilseeds and the farm
productivity.
Animal Husbandry System
Dairy
Animal husbandry has been always an
integral part of agriculture. Cattle farming
provides much needed milk and the
valuable organic manure prepared from
cattle dung and urine. Three cows
generate a net profit of Rs 85721 per annum
(Table 11 ).
Goatary
Meat price is very high. Goat rearing is,
therefore, becoming a very profitable
venture. It also provides milk. Therefore, it
is rightly called poor man’s cow. Four goats
generate a net profit of Rs.56960 which
contributes about 40% of the total profit
(Table 11). The animal husbandry should
form an integral part of the farming system
(3).
Input Availability and Marketing Facility
All needed inputs like good quality
seeds, fertilisers, irrigation facilities,
plant protection materials are easily
available at the affordable prices.
Marketing of the produces is very easy.
Produces like vegetable and others are
sold at the farm itself. Cooperative
societies are well developed . Government
officials are also helpful.
CONCLUSION
Agriculture is very difficult and risky job.
Though once upon a time our ancestors
were farmers, but the farmers (The
Annadata) are not properly honoured
and cared. Therefore, the young
generation not interested in farming.
Table 10 – Economics of Summer rice cultivation (Rs/ha)
Sl. No Particulars Rice Remarks
1 Land preparation & planting 12500.0
2 Seed 750.0
3 Fertilisers 3000.0
4 Manures 3000.0
5 Irrigation 7125.0
6 Plant protection 1000.0
7 Weeding 1000.0
8 Harvesting& threshing combined 2550.0
9 Total cost 30925.0
10 Yield 12 t
11 Price(Rs/t) 9000.0
12 Income (Rs/ha) 108000.0
13 Net profit (Rs/ha) 77,075.0
Table 11 – Economics of animal husbandry (Rs/annum)
Sl. No Particulars Cows ( 3No) Goats(4 No) Remarks
1 Grains(2x3x9.4) 56.4
2 Bhusa (10x3x2) 60.0
3 Green (15x3x2) 90.0
4 Mineral mixture 100.0
5 Labour 200.0
6 Total cost 506.0
7 Yield (44liters/day)
8 Price Rs 18/liters
9 Income (Rs/day) 792.0
10 Net profit (Rs/day) 286.0
11 180x286 51570.0 43200.0
12 179x34 6120.0
13 3 calves 12000.0 19000.0
14 Total 72690.0 62400.0
15 Grand total 135090.0
of Uttarakhand a lot of industry has come
up in the area . As a result, the demand for
the vegetable has increased and price of
vegetable is also quite high. Vegetable
production has to be an integral part of the
farming system( 4 )
Sugarcane +Lahi
Another important mixed crop of the area
is sugarcane + lahi. Oilseed is very
important crop in India because we are
deficient in oilseeds production. The price
7
 FERTILISER MARKETING NEWS   JANUARY 2011 
Agricultural profession has no
honour tag. It has very little demand
in marriage market. Punjab and Haryana
may be an exception. Majority of them
feel proud to be farmers. This is a great
quality. This is one of the main reasons
of the agricultural progress in these
states where governments are also profarmers.
Agriculture is now knowledge and skilled
based Managerial skilled matters a lot.
Master Nailwal loves farming from his
core of heart . He is really a farmer. He
hired needed labour who work under
his direct supervision. When he has to be
away far from his house, he normally
does not hire any labour. It is seen that
management is very crucial to get higher
yield and profit. His total income from his
small holding is quite high to run a
comfortable and high quality life in nice
and pollution free environment. India
needs to have a large number of such
farmers to maintain and sustain its food
security. The example of Master Nailwal
should act as a role model for the young
practising farmers in the country.
REFERENCES
1. Biswas, B C Fert. Marketing News 41(1)1-
2 (2010)
2. Biswas, B C Fert Marketing News 41(4) 1-
8(2010)
3.Biswas, B C Fert. Marketing News 41(5) 6-
17(2010)
4.Biswas, B C Fert Marketing News 41(6) 3-
14 (2010)
5.Biswas, B C Fert Marketing News 41(7) 3-
8 (2010)
 6.Biswas, B C Fert Marketing News 41(9)
13-19, (2010)
7.Fertilser Statistics, FAI, New Delhi (2009-
10)
8. FAS, Northern Region, FAI, New Delhi
9. Kanwar J S, In Hand Book on Fert
Marketing, Published by FAI, New Delhi
(1984).
10. Randhawa, N S and Tandon, HLS Fert
News Feb 1982(1982).
11. Swarup, A Fert. News 47(2) ; 59-73
(2002).
12. Tandon, HLS, Fert News, 35(10) 43-44
(1990).
8
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4
TH EDITION (NOVEMBER 2010)
The fourth edition of International Prices and Related Statistics fully revised and enriched with many
new topics is available for sale. The publication covers a wealth of information, viz., world and regional
capacity, supply and projects under construction; international prices of finished fertilisers and raw materials/
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Ten Agricultural Inventions that Changed the Face of Farming in America

Ten Agricultural Inventions that Changed the Face of Farming in America
Let's Talk Rusty Iron: The inventions that stand out in the history of farming and farm

machinery.

By Sam Moore
August 2008

   
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 McCormicksreaper.jpg
McCormick’s reaper. From The Prairie Farmer, January 1941.

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Ten years ago this month, the first issue of Farm Collector hit the mail-boxes of the first

subscribers, so it seems appropriate to do a "Ten Most" column about the history of farming

machinery in celebration.

Here, then, are what I consider to be the 10 most significant agricultural inventions during the

19th and first half of the 20th centuries. Some farm machinery advances can be attributed to

an individual, but most were the product of many curious and ingenious people who made

incremental improvements to the work of their predecessors.

1. Cotton Gin: In colonial times, cotton cloth was more expensive than linen or wool because of

the extreme difficulty of separating seed from the clinging fibers. One man could pick the seeds

from only about 1 pound of cotton fiber per day.

In 1793, Eli Whitney built a machine consisting of a row of close-set wheels with saw-like teeth

around their perimeters. The wheels protruded through narrow slits between metal bars into a

hopper filled with cotton bolls. As the wheels revolved, the teeth caught the cotton fibers and

pulled them through the slits, which were too narrow for the seeds to pass, thus separating the

two.

Whitney's cotton gin allowed 1,000 pounds of cotton to be cleaned in the time it took one man

to do 5 pounds by hand. As a result, the price of cotton cloth plummeted, the cotton plantation

culture of the South was established and the use of slave labor in growing cotton became

entrenched.

2. Reaper/Binder: Small grains had been harvested by hand for centuries, cut with sickles or

scythes, hand-raked and tied into sheaves. Grain harvesting machines first appeared in Great

Britain in about 1800, and in the U.S. a decade or two later, but most failed. Obed Hussey and

Cyrus McCormick developed successful reapers during the 1830s. McCormick's machine

became the more popular one; today he is credited with inventing the reaper. Those early

machines still required the sheaves to be bound by hand, but in 1857 the Marsh brothers

equipped a reaper with moving canvases that carried the grain to a platform where it was tied

into bundles by a worker riding on the machine.

The first twine knotter was demonstrated in 1867 by John Appleby. Sylvanus Locke developed

a wire binder in about 1874 and it was adopted by McCormick. Wire dominated for a short

while, but bits of wire got into the grain and ended up inside livestock and flour with disastrous

results. William Deering adopted the twine-tying mechanism for his popular Deering

harvesters, and in about 1881, McCormick did as well.

3. Thresher: When grain was being cut by hand, the method for separating the kernels from the

straw was equally slow and labor intensive. Grain was hauled to a barn where it was spread on

a threshing floor and either beaten with hand flails or trampled by animals. That knocked the

kernels free of the straw, which was then raked away. The remaining mixture was winnowed

by tossing it into the air where the wind was relied upon to blow the chaff and lighter debris

away from the heavier grain, which fell back onto the threshing floor.

The first threshing machine with a revolving, toothed cylinder and concaves was invented in

1786 in Scotland by Andrew Meikle. Brothers Hiram and John Pitts are credited with invention

of the first successful American separator in 1830, as well as with adapting a horse tread

power to run the thing. Hiram soon added a fanning mill to the threshing drum to separate and

clean the grain at the same time.

Later improvements resulted in machines that extracted virtually all the grain from the straw

and thoroughly cleaned it.

4. Steam Engine: Until the end of the 18th century, American farmers relied primarily upon

their own strong backs and arms and those of family members, hired men or slaves. New farm

machines then being developed required more power, so oxen, horses and mules were

pressed into service. Stationary steam engines were used early on to run cotton gins and mills.

The additional power required by improved threshing machines led to the development of

portable steam power, which made its first appearance in 1849.

At first, horses were used to haul portable steam engines from job to job. During the 1870s,

several inventors developed practical drive systems and the self-propelled steam traction

engine became common as power for the many threshing rigs around the country. Such

machines were also used to pull multiple gangplows in the large fields of the wheat belt.

5. Combined Harvester-Thresher: By the 1920s the steam traction engine was on it's way out,

but it paved the way for the gasoline tractors that followed.

Although a "traveling thrasher" (or combined harvester-thresher) was patented as early as

1828, the first successful machine was built by Hiram Moore in 1834. Moore's combine

successfully cut and threshed grain, although it had to be winnowed later. After the Civil War,

big horse-drawn, ground-driven combines were developed in the wheat-growing regions of the

Northwest. In 1871, B.F. Cook put a steam engine on a combine to drive the mechanism,

decreasing the number of horses needed to pull the machine. In about 1886, California farmer

George Berry built a combine around a steam traction engine and voilà: the first self-propelled

combine.

6. Auto Truck: Machinery, critters and crops, among other heavy things, all need to be moved

around the farm or to market. Two-wheeled carts sufficed for early farmers. Soon 4-wheeled

wagons became the norm and were universally used for a couple of centuries. It's impossible

to pin down the first motor truck, but steam-, electric- and gas-powered commercial vehicles

made their appearance at about the turn of the 20th century and by 1910 were common in

urban areas. The first real attempt to make a vehicle to replace the ubiquitous farm wagon was

by International Harvester with its "Auto Wagon" introduced in 1907. Since that time farm

trucks of all sizes have proliferated and today no self-respecting farmer is without his pickup.

7. Gasoline Tractor: Steam tractors required a lot of water and fuel (coal, wood or straw), and a

trained engineer at the wheel. The internal combustion engine, developed in the 1890s, offered

an alternative to steam. John Froehlich is generally credited with inventing the first successful

tractor in 1892. The first commercially successful tractor was built in Charles City, Iowa, by

Charles Hart and Charles Parr. Early tractors were big, heavy, awkward and none too reliable,

but by 1920 the better ones had survived and were becoming hugely popular on American

farms for heavy tillage and belt work.

8. General Purpose Tractor: During the 1920s, row-crop work such as planting and cultivating

was still largely done by horses as tractors were too heavy and not versatile enough for those

lighter jobs. Several lightweight row crop tractors had been tried, but most were not

satisfactory. Several manufacturers offered motor cultivators during the 'teens, but few farmers

were willing to buy a machine that was used only a month or two each year.

In 1924, IH introduced the Farmall, the first real general purpose tractor that could pull heavy

tillage and harvesting machines as well as plant and cultivate row crops. The Farmall quickly

caught on; by 1930, IH was churning out 200 Farmalls per day. Soon, every major tractor

manufacturer offered a similar row crop machine. The swift mechanization of American farms

that occurred during the late 1930s and early 1940s was on its way.

9. Rubber Tires: Steel-lugged wheels limited speed, vibrated, shook bolts loose and quickly

dug themselves into soft ground if they spun, not to mention what they did to the driver's

innards.

Solid rubber tires began to be fitted to industrial tractors in about 1920, and Florida citrus

growers experimented with large truck tires on tractors in 1928. Harvey Firestone became

interested and in 1932, fitted large, low-pressure tires to an Allis-Chalmers U owned by farmer

Albert Schroeder. The tires were a huge success and AC began to offer air tires on the Model

U tractor late in 1932, an industry first.

The advantage of pneumatic tires over steel wheels in fuel economy and performance, not to

mention driver comfort, sold farmers on their advantages and by 1940, 95 percent of tractors

were ordered on rubber. Harvey Firestone's dream of putting the farm on rubber was on its way

to being reality.

10. Hydraulic Implement Lift with Draft Control: The first tractor mechanical lift appeared in

1927, and a hydraulic lift in 1934. These lifts, however, were just that: lifts. They raised and

then dropped the implement without the operator having to wrestle a hand lever but depth

control still required frequent manipulation of a lever or crank.

Irishman Harry Ferguson can claim credit for the first hydraulic lift with automatic draft control.

By 1933, he had perfected a way of attaching an implement to a tractor by three arms. The

tension load on the lower arms and the compression load on the upper arm caused the "virtual

hitch" point to be near the tractor's front axle, thus keeping the front end of the tractor on the

ground. In addition, the top link compression load operated a hydraulic valve that caused the

implement depth to be automatically regulated according to the draft needed to pull it.

Ferguson's 3-point hitch was probably the most revolutionary improvement in tractor and

implement technology during the first half of the 20th century. Today, virtually every tractor sold

anywhere in the world features a 3-point hitch based on Ferguson's system.

So there's my list. I'd be interested in hearing whether readers agree or think I'm crazy, so be

sure to let us know. FC

Sam Moore grew up on a farm in western Pennsylvania. He now lives in Salem, Ohio, and

collects antique tractors, implements and related items. Contact Sam by e-mail at

letstalkrustyiron@att.net  

Top 10 Most Influential People in Agriculture and Farming History

Top 10 Most Influential People in Agriculture and Farming History

September 30, 2009 at 1:00 pm 11 comments
The recent death of the great Norman Borlaug inspired me to develop a list showcasing the top 10 most influential individuals in the history of agriculture and farming.  This list is by no means definitive, but rather my first attempt to capture those individuals and their achievements that changed the world of agriculture (see footnote a).   I structured the list in rank order working my way from #10 to #1 with the person in the #1 spot having the all-time greatest influence in the history of agriculture and farming.
Enjoy, and please feel free to comment.
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10. George Harrison Shull (April 15, 1874 – September 28, 1954)
 George H. Shull (image: Harry S. Truman Library and Museum)
George H. Shull (image: Harry S. Truman Library and Museum)
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Considered the father of hybrid corn, Shull devoted 30 years of his life to corn breeding.  A botanist by training, Shull began his famous experiments at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island New York.  His experiments began in 1905 and centered on inheritance in corn.  Although there are several geneticists/botanists who made contributions to the development of hybrid corn, Shull made the critical observations on the reduction in vigor on inbreeding corn and the subsequent improvement of vigor on crossing corn.  These experiments provided the basis for hybrid corn.  Although it was ground breaking research, it would not be until 1922 before hybridized corn was made commercially available.  Shull founded the journal Genetics (which is considered to this day one of the top international science journals), and served as a Professor of Botany and Genetics at Princeton University.
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9. Henry A. Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965)
 Henry A. Wallace (image: public domain)
Henry A. Wallace (image: public domain)
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Wallace’s accomplishments are many: Vice President of the United States, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, and other distinguished roles. Wallace was considered an active Secretary of Agriculture and his Department of Agriculture oversaw the creation and development of the food stamp and school lunch programs. He supported government intervention and implemented controversial measures to regulate production in American farming with government planning designed to battle overproduction and low prices. Specifically, Wallace ordered slaughtering pigs and plowing up cotton fields in rural America to drive the price of these commodities back up in order to improve American farmers’ economic situation. He experimented with breeding high-yielding strains of corn and easily earns a spot here because he also founded the Hi-Bred Corn Company in 1926, which we know today as Pioneer Hi-Bred.
An active secretary of agriculture, Wallace took to heart the needs and fears of his agricultural constituents. Inaddition to helping American farmers sustain themselves during the economic downturn, his Department ofAgriculture oversaw the creation and development of the food stamp and school lunch programs that greatly aidedurban America. In 1934, Wallace published a book about the economic turbulence of the depression and itsrepercussions on farmers, which he titled New Frontiers. In it Wallace outlined the visionary politics that heemployed in his subsequent writings and speeches. Later observers would compare both the title and the themes ofthis book with the ideas espoused by John F. Kennedy.3Drastic times called for drastic measures. A firm supporter of government economic intervention, Wallacevigorously implemented the controversial measures of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933. Never before inpeacetime, had the federal government sought to regulate production in American farming, with governmentplanning designed to battle overproduction and low prices. Additionally, Wallace offered hog and cotton farmers asingle opportunity to improve their stagnating markets by ploughing under ten million acres of cotton andslaughtering six million pigs. For these losses, the government would issue relief checks totalling millions of dollars.Although it earned him the nickname “The Greatest Butcher in Christendom,” the program essentially worked, andthe market experienced a 50-percent rise in prices. Wallace scorned those who ridiculed his plans withoutconsidering the logic behind them, observing, “Perhaps they think that farmers should run a sort of old-folks homefor hogs.”4 Having proved himself an effective, energetic cabinet member, Wallace remained in office throughRoosevelt’s first two terms. By 1940, with Europe plunged into war, there was talk of an unprecedented third term,and Wallace was among those who endorsed the president’s reelection. Because Vice President John Nance Garner,who aspired to the presidency himself, strongly opposed a third term, Roosevelt sought a new running mate for the1940 election once he made the decision to run. FDR’s choice of Wallace marked a turning point in the history of thevice-presidency. Never before had the president so openly made the selection. In the past, the main function of a
vice president was usually to balance the ticket, to unite the party, and to pull in voters not normally d
An active secretary of agriculture, Wallace took to heart the needs and fears of his agricultural constituents. Iaddition to helping American farmers sustain themselves during the economic downturn, his Department ofHe experimented with breeding high-yielding strains of corn 1913-1933 and easily earns a spot here because he also founded the Hi-Bred Corn Company in 1926, which we know today as Pioneer Hi-Bred.
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8. Rachel Carson (May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964)
 Rachel Carson (image: public domain)
Rachel Carson (image: public domain)
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Few literary works, if any, can compare to the enormous agricultural and environmental influence of Carson’s book Silent Spring. Published in 1962, the book was a landmark event in the history of the environmental movement.  Carson focused the book on pesticides and their use in agriculture, and argued that those chemicals were dangerous to the environment, wildlife, and humans.  Carson was adept at presenting thorough documentation to make her point and concluded that the effects were akin to pesticide poisoning.  The book is not without great controversy, and is cited as making erroneous cause-and-effect relationships one of which led to severe use restrictions and bans of DDT.  It has been suggested that the subsequent ban of DDT has led to the resurgence of malaria and other fatal diseases.  Regardless of which side of the argument you fall, what cannot be disputed is the powerful impact this book has on the agricultural world.
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7. Robert Fraley  (birthdate: 1953)
 Robert Fraley (image: Janice Person, Monsanto)
Robert Fraley (image: Janice Person, Monsanto)
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“Chimeric bacterial genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics have been inserted…” And so begins the opening of Fraley’s 1983 paper where he and his research team at Monsanto indicate they have found a method of creating transgenic plants by using a pathogenic bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Other researchers from around the world were on a similar course, but Fraley earned this spot due to his drive and ambition which led to the commercialization of genetically modified plants. The first genetically modified plants from Monsanto which achieved widespread success were soybeans resistant to glyphosate herbicide. Fraley has contributed to years of agricultural development through a number of significant activities, including authoring more than 100 publications and patent applications relating to technical advances in agricultural biotechnology.  The only living member of this list, I suspect Fraley will move up a few spots over time as the true impact of his work unfolds.
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6. John Deere (February 7, 1804 – May 17, 1886)
 John Deere (image: public domain)
John Deere (image: public domain)
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The plow is cited as one of the most important inventions in the advancement of society. John Deere certainly did not invent the plow, as post-Roman modern cast iron plows had been around for 50 years prior to his creation.  Instead, Deere developed and improved on the plow by making his out of steel in 1837.  The steel plow that Deere developed worked superior in American Midwest soils compared to the cast-iron plow.  I placed John Deere at this spot not simply because he developed a steel plow, but because his plow unlocked the vast fertility of the Midwest soils which ultimately unleashed the incredible yield potential and food producing ability of the American Midwest.  Further, Deere smartly positioned his newborn company in Moline, Illinois, to be closer to the Mississippi River and better transport his products to farmers.  John Deere built high quality products, and his company’s namesake maintains that reputation as a high quality agricultural and construction equipment manufacturer to this day.
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5. Eli Whitney (December 8, 1765 – January 8, 1825)
 Eli Whitney (image: public domain)
Eli Whitney (image: public domain)
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Considered an all-around ingenious inventor and often mentioned in the same sentence as Thomas Edison, Eli Whitney is best known for the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 or 1794. Simply put, a cotton gin is a machine that is used to pull cotton fibers from the cotton seed. The cotton gin was a groundbreaking invention in the southern United States, and it had an enormous positive impact on the economies of the southern states in the U.S.  The cotton gin also had an equally important impact on slavery in this country. Prior to Whitney’s cotton gin, raising cotton was very labor intensive and only a few plantations could profitably raise cotton. The cotton gin catapulted cotton to a widespread, lucrative and less labor-intensive crop, contributing to the rise of cotton production in the Deep South. The availability of large supplies of cotton fiber also contributed to the rise of the textile industry. It is difficult to state with absolute certainty that the cotton gin directly led to an increase in slavery, but the cotton gin clearly was a major factor contributing to slavery issues in the South.
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4. Cyrus McCormick  (February 15, 1809 – May 13, 1884)
 Cyrus McCormick (image: public domain)
Cyrus McCormick (image: public domain)
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The story goes that Cyrus McCormick worked feverishly and well into the nights over the course of several months to develop the world’s first mechanical reaper in 1831.  A mechanical reaper was needed, as harvesting crops in McCormick’s day required numerous men to cut and gather. McCormkick’s reaper was able to replace manpower for machine power and is often cited as a key driver for the westward expansion of the United States. In 1851, the reaper won the highest award of the day, the Gold Medal at London’s Crystal Palace Exhibition. Cyrus McCormick became incredibly famous and was literally a worldwide celebrity. Cyrus McCormick is referred to as the ‘Father of Modern Agriculture.’ A footnote to this story is that Cyrus did not work alone. Jo Anderson, a slave, is cited to have worked with McCormick in development of the mechanical reaper.
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3. George Washington Carver (January 1864 – January 5, 1943)
 George Washington Carver (image: public domain)
George Washington Carver (image: public domain)
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The contributions of George Washington Carver to agriculture, particularly southern U.S. agriculture cannot be overstated. Carver single-handedly improved the lives of thousands of poor southern farmers by providing information on crops, cultivation techniques, and recipes for meals. He is best known for research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, particularly focusing on peanuts and sweet potatoes.  Carver was a progressive agricultural thinker, encouraging farmers to submit soil samples for analysis to determine causes of poor yield. Beyond crops and soils, Carver also taught livestock care and food preservation techniques. Carver was a great agricultural educator, researcher and humanitarian, and has gained worldwide acclaim for his lifetime of achievements to agriculture.
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2. Norman Borlaug (March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009)
 Norman Borlaug (image: Norman Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture, Texas A&M System)
Norman Borlaug (image: Norman Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture, Texas A&M System)
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His obituary read “… he taught the world to feed itself.”  Borlaug is credited with saving hundreds of millions to as many as a billion lives from starvation.  Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work on the world’s food supply, Borlaug is known the world over for his highly successful wheat breeding and wheat research programs in Mexico.  He created the World Food Prize in 1986 to recognize the achievements of individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality, quantity or availability of food in the world. Borlaug championed an adequate food supply for every human being, and spent his lifetime working on improving food production to feed an ever-growing world population.
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1. Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934)
 Fritz Haber (image: public domain)
Fritz Haber (image: public domain)
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Although co-developed with Carl Bosch, the process of ammonia synthesis bears Haber’s name and is known the world over as the Haber Process.  (There is an attempt to give credit to Bosch by referring to the process as Haber-Bosch).   In 1908 Haber developed the technique still used today to take the vast amount of nitrogen available in the atmosphere and convert it into nitrogen that plants can use.  In 1918 Haber won the Nobel Prize for this discovery.  Although nitrogen fertilizer had been previously available, this major leap forward allowed for the relatively inexpensive production of nitrogen fertilizer which ultimately led to its widespread availability.  Today, people the world over rely on the Haber-Bosch process to produce nitrogen fertilizer which helps raise food.  Without the Haber-Bosch process, we would not be able to feed our global population–Haber’s discovery has helped feed countless billions of humans.  I liken Haber’s achievement somewhat to that of Henry Ford. Ford was able to mass produce automobiles inexpensively and Haber developed the process to mass produce nitrogen fertilizer inexpensively. Ironically, Haber also contributed to human destruction by playing a role in warfare with his involvement in chemical agents during World War I.
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Other Notables
Dwayne Orville Andreas (birthdate: 1918) former head of Archers Daniels Midland and cited with developing that company into an agricultural giant.
Hugh Bennett (April 15, 1881 – July 7, 1960) influenced by the Dust Bowl of the 30’s he created the Soil Conservation Service, now the Natural Resources Conservation Service, and served as its first chief. He is considered today to be the father of soil conservation.
James G. Boswell II (March 10, 1923 – April 3, 2009) was the head of J.G. Boswell Company, a privately owned agribusiness giant based in California. Known as ‘The King of California’, Boswell grew his uncle’s company into a large and diversified farm over several hundred thousand acres. He played an important role in shaping water use policy in California.
Earl Butz (July 3, 1909 – February 2, 2008) noted as one of the more influential individuals to serve as Secretary of Agriculture, Butz dramatically reshaped American agricultural policy.
John Franz (1929), Paul Muller (1899–1965) chemists who separately developed glyphosate and DDT, respectively.  Both are highly recognized and honored for their work.
Temple Grandin (August 29, 1947) professor at Colorado State University focusing on animal handling and care. Grandin has garnered notoriety with her autism outreach and was portrayed by actress Clair Danes in a self-titled HBO biographical film. The movie highlighted Grandin’s autism and work with livestock.
Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) our third President and firm believer that “cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens…”. Jefferson designed a moldboard plow, and handpicked Meriwether Lewis to lead the westward expedition which documented dozens of plant species.
Seaman Knapp (1831-1911) encouraged by boll weevil problems Knapp developed a very successful demonstration farm which is credited to the founding of the cooperative demonstration farm program and county agent system.
Aldo Leopold (January 11, 1887 – April 21, 1948) his famous book of essays A Sand County Almanac stands as one of key influences on agricultural and non-agricultural land use.  Leopold championed the concept of land ethic, and pushed the idea of ‘farmer as a conservationist’.
Richard Marshall, Earl Kooi, Y. Takasaki invented and refined the process of making high fructose corn syrup from milled corn in the 50’s and 60’s.  High fructose corn syrup is widely used (particularly in the United States) as a sweetener.
Andrew Meikle (1719 – 27 November 1811) one of the more notable individuals credited with inventing a thresher circa 1786.
Ingo Potrykus co-credited with creating golden rice, rice fortified with Vitamin A.
Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) Thoreau gets a spot here for his book, Walden, in which he describes his closeness with nature and chronicles his modest farm efforts.
Jethro Tull (30 March 1674 – 21 February 1741) vastly improved seeding crops by invention and refinement of seed drills.
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Footnote a:  Picking individuals to fill 1 through 10 in this list is difficult, since often there were multiple individuals working together or providing influence that leads to a great achievement. I realize that I am sacrificing detail and oversimplifying some of the achievements listed above. My purpose of this post is to provide agricultural outreach education and raise awareness of agriculture.

Krishna water: Bajaj panel to hold meetings

Krishna water: Bajaj panel to hold meetings

http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Krishna-water-Bajaj-panel-to-hold-meetings/article17292855.ece

SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT HYDERABAD:  FEBRUARY 12, 2017 23:45 IST
UPDATED: FEBRUARY 12, 2017 23:45 IST
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The Bajaj Committee, set up by the Union Water Resources Ministry to help the Krishna River Management Board (KRMB) in preparing a working manual along with an operational protocol for sharing Krishna river water between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, will hold a series of meetings with officials of the two States from February 13 to 15.

Headed by former chairman of the Central Water Commission (CWC) A.K. Bajaj, the committee would hold a meeting with Irrigation Department officials of Telangana here on Monday. Officials have already been tasked with preparing a presentation to be made before the committee.

Sources stated that the strategy, including the presentation for the meeting, would be first cleared by Irrigation Minister T. Harish Rao before taking Chief Minister K. Chandrasekhar Rao’s clearance. The State government was expected to argue for installation of telemetry equipment at all points from where A.P. was drawing (tapping) water from the river and also at Pattiseema and Polaram project sites from where the Godavari water was being diverted to the Krishna basin.

The committee would leave for Vijayawada on Monday evening and hold a meeting with A.P. Irrigation officials there on Tuesday. The panel would hold a joint meeting with officials of the two States here on February 15.

Besides Mr. Bajaj, the committee comprises Gopala Krishnan, R.P. Pandey, Pradeep Kumar Shukla, and N.N. Rai.

Bajaj panel washes hands of Krishna row, Telangana bristles

B Krishna Prasad | TNN | Feb 16, 2017, 09.55 AM IST

Representative image.
Representative image.
HYDERABAD: In a major setback for Telangana, the AK Bajaj committee expressed its helplessness in amicably settling the issue of sharing of Krishna water between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. At the wrap up meeting with the two states here on Wednesday, the committee said the sharing of water would be addressed by the Brijesh Kumar tribunal.
On sharing of Polavaram and Pattiseema compensatory water too, the committee refused to intervene and told Telangana that it would bring the matter to the notice of the Centre. Shocked over the committe e's response, the Telangana government has decided to send irrigation advisor R Vidyasagar Rao to New Delhi to complain to the Centre about the approach of the Bajaj panel to the issue. The TRS government is frustrated with the com mittee's latest enquiry about small and minor water resources which has been raised by Andhra Pradesh government.
Peeved over the committee's response, chief minister K Chandrasekhar Rao has offered to settle the disputes with AP through negotiations. "After its return from Vijayawada, the Bajaj committee has gone back on its word. In fact, during the first meeting, the committee had clearly agreed with us that sharing of Pattiseema and Polavaram compensatory water is on the agenda," said Vidyasagar Rao.
Irrigation special chief secretary Shailendra Kumar Joshi expressed his displeasure over the committee not taking any decision on the contentious issues.

TS officials off to Delhi as Bajaj leaves them dry

By Express News Service  |   Published: 16th February 2017 02:14 AM  |  
Last Updated: 16th February 2017 05:38 AM  |   A+A A-   |  

HYDERABAD: THE three-day tour of the AK Bajaj Committee to Andhra and Telangana ended on Wednesday with Telangana Irrigation Advisor R Vidyasagar Rao off to Delhi to meet Union Water Ministry officials to settle the matter of Godavari water diversion as the panel made it clear it’s duty was not to allocate water compensating the Godavari water diversion to Krishna basin.

“If Water Resources Ministry wants, we will look into the Godavari water diversion issue and make an arbitrary arrangement,” AK Bajaj told reporters before leaving to Delhi. The Bajaj panel met irrigation officials from Telangana on Monday and AP on Tuesday. It held a joint meeting with officials from both states on Wednesday.
Telangana wanted the Committee to give the state a 65 per cent share in 45 tmc of Krishna waters above Nagarjuna Sagar Project, in compensation for AP’s diversion of 53 tmc of Godavari water to Krishna river in the current year.

Telangana demanded an extra share of 35 tmc in Krishna waters. However, Bajaj said that sharing of waters was the duty of the Tribunal not of the Committee. “If Union Water Resources Ministry wants, we will look into and make interim allocation of waters,” Bajaj said.

But, TS officials said that the terms of reference for the Bajaj Committee was “allocation of Godavari waters being transferred to Krishna basin in accordance with Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal Award, 1980.
“I will meet Union Water Resources Ministry secretary in Delhi on Friday and urge the Ministry to allocate temporary waters in compensation to Godavari diversion,” Vidyasagar Rao said, adding it would take years for the Tribunal to make final allocation of waters and that was why the Bajaj Committee had been constituted.

Meanwhile some officials alleged the panel was under the influence of AP’s officials. P8  


What purpose does Bajaj Committee serve?

The committee deputed by the Union Water Resources Ministry to the sibling States over resolving sharing of Krishna waters, sounded a bit vague on its designated purpose.

By Mandhumula Pradeep   |   Published: 16th Feb 2017   12:00 am Updated: 16th Feb 2017   2:31 am
Hyderabad: The big question asked by those at the helm of irrigation affairs in Telangana is what purpose does the A K Bajaj Committee serve? The committee deputed by the Union Water Resources Ministry to the sibling States of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh on a dispute resolution mission over sharing of Krishna waters, sounded a bit vague on its designated purpose.

There is nothing to cheer about its visit as the panel had almost backed out from its primary task — apportionment of Godavari waters diverted by Andhra Pradesh to the Krishna basin. Much to the dismay of Telangana’s irrigation authorities, the committee sought to restrict its role to the areas of prime interest to AP. It is a day of disappointment for Telangana, says a key official who was part of the crucial meetings the panel had in Hyderabad in the last three days.
Helplessness

While expressing its helplessness in dealing with the diversion of Godavari waters to Krishna basin through Pattiseema and Polavaram project, the committee had sufficiently indicated that its agenda is not made up on its own. The committee had assured to come back to the States once again after ascertaining it terms of reference with the Ministry of Water Resources. It is likely to seek more time probably by way of extension of its term to accomplish the task it has been assigned with.

For A K Bajaj, former chairman of the Central Water Commission (CWC), heading the panel, the preparation of operational manual for the Krishna River Management Board (KRMB) that would help in managing the inter-State projects such as Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar is the priority. The Andhra Pradesh government is also solely interested in this. It insisted on the putting in place a mechanism that would help KRMB to decide on its own the water releases from the joint projects in the Krishna basin.

R Vidyasagar Rao, Advisor to the State government on irrigation, pointed out that the committee, that had initially confirmed the apportionment of the Godavari water diverted to Krishna basin as part of its terms of reference, changed its stand after coming back from Vijayawada. The TS authorities took strong exception to the panel stand with regard to the minor irrigation sources of Telangana. It had a sought complete particulars about the minor irrigation sources in the Krishna basin.

Rao to leave for Delhi

R Vidyasagar rao, former Chief Engineer of the Central Water Commission, who was totally unhappy with the deliberations the panel had as part of its wrap-up round of talks here on Wednesday, said he would leave for Delhi on Friday to take up the matters with the Ministry of Water Resources. The committee was acting against its term of reference, he added.

పంచాయితీ వద్దు - Krishna Water dispute

పంచాయితీ వద్దు
16-02-2017 01:16:00

కోర్టుల్లో కాదు, కూర్చుని చర్చిద్దాం.. మా వాటా ప్రకారమే వాడుతున్నాం
ఆంధ్రలో అక్రమంగా కట్టుకుంటున్నారు.. మా వాటికి అడ్డుపడుతున్నారు
వేల టీఎంసీలు పోతుంటే 50 టీఎంసీలకు గొడవ పెట్టుకోవడం అవివేకం
ఉమ్మడి ప్రాజెక్టుల్లో నీటి వినియోగానికి ఆపరేషన్‌ రూల్స్‌ రూపొందించాలి
బజాజ్‌ కమిటీకి ముఖ్యమంత్రి కేసీఆర్‌ స్పష్టీకరణ
హైదరాబాద్‌, ఫిబ్రవరి 15 (ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి): ‘‘తెలంగాణ, ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాష్ర్టాల మధ్య జల వివాదాలు వాంఛనీయం కాదు. రైతులెవరైనా రైతులే. ఏ రాష్ట్రం వారైనా రైతు ప్రయోజనాలే ముఖ్యం. మనక్కావాల్సింది నీరు కానీ.. వివాదాలు కాదు. నీటి కోసం
కోర్టుల చుట్టూ తిరగడం కన్నా, కలిసి కూర్చుని మాట్లాడుకోవడానికే నేను ప్రాధాన్యం ఇస్తాను’’ అని సీఎం కేసీఆర్‌ వ్యాఖ్యానించారు. రెండు రాష్ర్టాల మధ్య ఉమ్మడి ప్రాజెక్టుల్లో నీటి వినియోగంపై కేంద్రం వేసిన ఏకే బజాజ్‌ నాయకత్వంలోని ఐదుగురు సభ్యుల కమిటీ బుధవారం ప్రగతి భవన్‌లో సీఎం కేసీఆర్‌ను కలుసుకుంది. ఈ సందర్భంగా, ‘‘నీటి విషయంలో వివక్ష కారణంగానే తెలంగాణ ఉద్యమం వచ్చింది. నీళ్ల కోసం 60 ఏళ్లు గోసపడ్డాం. ఆ గోస తీర్చేందుకు ప్రయత్నిస్తున్నాం. మాకున్న వాటా ప్రకారమే నీటిని వాడుకుంటాం’’ కేసీఆర్‌ తెలిపారు.

సమైక్య రాష్ట్రంలో అన్యాయం
‘‘సమైక్య ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ లో అనుసరించిన వివక్షాపూరిత విధానాల వల్ల తెలంగాణ ప్రాంతం ఎంతో నష్టపోయింది. కేఎల్‌ రావు అనే ఇంజనీరు తెలంగాణకు అన్యాయం చేశారు. సాగర్‌ కుడి కాల్వకు ఎక్కువ, ఎడమ కాల్వకు తక్కువ నీరు అందేలా డిజైన్ చేశారు. తెలంగాణకు అన్యాయం చేసి ఆంధ్రకు నీరు మళ్లించినందుకు కృతజ్ఞతగా కేఎల్‌ రావును అక్కడ ఎంపీగా ఏకగ్రీవంగా ఎన్నుకున్నారు. సమైక్య రాష్ట్రంలో ఇలాంటి అన్యాయాలు ఎన్నో జరిగాయి’’ అని కేసీఆర్‌ వివరించారు. తెలంగాణ ప్రాజెక్టులు ముందుకు పడకుండా వివాదాల్లో పడేశారని, భీమా వంటి ప్రాజెక్టులకు నికర జలాల కేటాయింపులున్నా పూర్తి చేయలేదని, ఏ ప్రాజెక్టునైనా సరే ఏదో ఒక సాకు పెట్టి ఆపేశారని ఆరోపించారు. పాలమూరు ప్రాజెక్టుపై మోదీ ఎన్నికల సమయంలోనే హామీ ఇచ్చారని, కిరణ్‌ కుమార్‌ రెడ్డి సీఎంగా ఉన్నప్పుడే జీవో జారీ చేశారని, దానిని తెలంగాణ వచ్చిన తర్వాత తాము కడతామంటే అడ్డుకుంటున్నారని తప్పుబట్టారు. ‘‘అదే ఆంధ్రవారు అక్రమంగా పులిచింతల కట్టారు. పోతిరెడ్డిపాడు కట్టారు. ఇప్పుడు ముచ్చుమర్రి కడుతున్నారు. కానీ, తెలంగాణ ప్రాజెక్టులకు అడ్డుపడుతున్నారు’’ అని వివరించారు.

గోదావరి నీటిని ఉపయోగించుకోవాలి
‘‘గోదావరిలోనే 3000 టీఎంసీలు ఉంది. కృష్ణాలో 1200 టీఎంసీల నీరుంది. తెలంగాణ సాగునీటి అవసరాలు తీరడానికి వెయ్యి టీఎంసీలు చాలు. అందుకే మేం ప్రాజెక్టులను నిర్మి స్తున్నాం. గోదావరిలో మాకు 954 టీఎంసీల నీటి హక్కు ఉంది. దాని ప్రకారమే ప్రాజెక్టులు డిజైన్ చేస్తున్నాం. మా వాటా ప్రకారమే నీటిని వాడుకుంటున్నాం. తక్కువ నీటి లభ్యత ఉన్న కృష్ణా నీటి విషయంలో జగడాలు పెట్టే బదులు గోదావరి నీటిని సమర్థంగా వినియోగించుకోవాలి. పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టు ప్రతిపాదిత స్థలం నుంచి ప్రకాశం బ్యారేజీ, సోమశిల ప్రాజెక్టు ద్వారా గోదావరి నీటిని కోస్తా, రాయలసీమలకు తరలించడం చాలా సులభం. ఇలా చేస్తే ఏపీ అంతా సుభిక్షమవుతుంది. ఇదే విషయం చంద్రబాబుకు కూడా చెప్పాను. ఏటా వేల టీఎంసీలు సముద్రంలో కలుస్తుంటే, కేవలం 25-50 టీఎంసీల కోసం గొడవలు పెట్టుకోవడం అవివేకం’’ అని కేసీఆర్‌ చెప్పారు. తెలంగాణ రైతులకు న్యాయం చేయాలనేదే తమ లక్ష్యమని, అలాగని పొరుగు రాష్ట్రం నష్టపోవాలన్నది తమ అభిమతం కాదని చెప్పారు.

‘జీవించు, జీవించనివ్వు’ అన్నది తమ విధానమన్నారు. కాగా నదీ జలాల వినియోగానికి సంబంధించి రెండు వేర్వేరు స్కీములను అమలు చేయాలని సీఎం కేసీఆర్‌ సూచించారు. ‘‘గోదావరి, కృష్ణా జలాలను నాలుగు రాష్ర్టాలు వాడుకుంటున్నాయి. ఈ రెండు నదులపై మహారాష్ట్ర, కర్ణాటక అనేక ప్రాజెక్టులు కట్టాయి. దాంతో దిగువకు నీరు రావడం లేదు. సరైన వర్షాలు లేక నదుల్లో నీటి లభ్యత తక్కువ ఉన్న సమయంలో రాష్ర్టాల మధ్య నీటి పంపకం ఎలా జరగాలి? నీటి లభ్యత ఎక్కువై మిగు లు జలాలు ఉంటే నీటి పంపిణీ ఎలా ఉండాలనే విషయంపై రెండు వేర్వేరు ప్రతిపాదనలు రూపొందించాలి’’ అని చెప్పారు. కర్ణాటక, మహారాష్ట్ర నదులపై పెద్ద సంఖ్యలో డ్యాంలు కట్టాయని, దాంతో, నీటి ప్రవాహం తక్కువ ఉన్నప్పుడు కింది రాష్ర్టాలకు అన్యాయం జరుగుతోందని చెప్పారు. అందుకే, నాలుగు రాష్ర్టాలు ఏ సమయంలో ఎవరు ఎంత నీరు వాడుకోవాలనే విషయంలో స్పష్టత ఇవ్వాలని, ఈ విషయంలో కేంద్ర ప్రభుత్వం జోక్యం చేసుకోవాలని సీఎం కోరారు.

కాగా తెలంగాణ, ఏపీ మధ్య ఉన్న ఉమ్మడి ప్రాజెక్టుల్లో నీటి వినియోగానికి సంబంధించి విధానం రూపొందించాలని బజాజ్‌ కమిటీని సీఎం కేసీఆర్‌ కోరారు. ‘‘గతంలో నాగార్జున సాగర్‌, శ్రీశైలం ప్రాజెక్టుల నీటి వినియోగానికి సంబంధించి ఆపరేషన రూల్స్‌ లేవు. అందుకే మాకు అన్యాయం జరిగింది. ఇప్పటికైనా న్యాయం చేయండి. పట్టిసీమ ద్వారా గోదావరి జలాలను కృష్ణా బేసినకు తరలిస్తున్నందున, తెలంగాణ రాష్ర్టానికి అందుకు తగ్గ రీతిలో కృష్ణా జలాల్లో వాటా పెంచాలి’’ అని డిమాండ్‌ చేశారు.

మేమేం చేయలేం!.. చేతులెత్తేసిన బజాజ్ కమిటీ
16-02-2017 01:18:46

నీటి పంపిణీ మా చేతుల్లో లేదు
పోలవరం, పట్టిసీమలో వాటాను తేల్చలేం: బజాజ్‌ కమిటీ
హైదరాబాద్‌, ఫిబ్రవరి 15 (ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి): తెలుగు రాష్ర్టాల మధ్య నెలకొన్న నీటి పంపిణీ వివాదం మళ్లీ మొదటికొచ్చింది. దీనిపై పరిష్కారం కనుగొనడానికి కేంద్రం నియమించిన నిపుణుల కమిటీ చేతులు ఎత్తేసింది. నీటి పంపిణీ అంశం తమ చేతుల్లో లేదని స్పష్టం చేసింది. పోలవరం, పట్టిసీమ నీటి విషయంలోనూ తాము చేసేదేమీ లేదని ప్రకటించింది. దాంతో కమిటీ వైఖరిపై రాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వం తీవ్ర అభ్యంతరం వ్యక్తం చేసి ంది. కమిటీ తీరుపై కేంద్రానికి ఫిర్యాదు చేస్తామని పేర్కొంది. తెలంగాణ, ఏపీ మధ్య జల వివాదాలను పరిష్కరించేందుకు కేంద్రం ఎ.కె. బజాజ్‌ కమిటీ నేతృత్వంలో ఐదుగురు సభ్యులతో కూడిన నిపుణుల కమిటీని నియమించిన విష యం తెలిసిందే. రెండ్రోజులుగా ఈ కమి టీ తెలంగాణ, ఏపీలో పర్యటించింది. చివరి రోజు బుధవారం జలసౌధలో ఉభయ రాష్ర్టాల అధికారులతో సమావేశమైంది. కమిటీ చైర్మన ఎ.కె.బజాజ్‌ నేతృత్వంలోని జరిగిన ఈ భేటీలో సభ్యులు శుక్లా, పాండే, రాయ్‌, మాథుర్‌, కృష్ణా బోర్డు చైర్మన్ ఎస్‌.కె.హల్దార్‌, కార్యదర్శి సమీర్‌ ఛటర్జీ, తెలంగాణ ప్రభుత్వ సలహాదారు విద్యాసాగర్‌రావు, ప్రత్యేక ప్రధా న కార్యదర్శి ఎస్‌.కె.జోషి, నీటిపారుదల శాఖ అధికారులు, ఏపీ ఇరిగేషన్ కార్యదర్శి, తదితరులు పాల్గొన్నారు.

నీటి కేటాయింపులపై రాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వం తరఫున స్పెషల్‌ సీఎస్‌ ఎస్‌.కె.జోషి ప్రస్తావిస్తూ.. పోలవరం నుంచి ఉమ్మడి ఏపీకి వచ్చే 45 టీఎంసీల నీటిలో 96 శాతం అంటే సుమారు 43 టీఎంసీల నీరు, అలాగే పట్టిసీమ నుంచి 65 శాతం అంటే 35 టీఎంసీల నీరు తెలంగాణకు వాటాగా రావాలని పేర్కొన్నారు. దీనిపై నిపుణుల కమిటీ స్పందిస్తూ ఈ విషయంలో తమకు ఎలాంటి అధికారం లేదని స్పష్టం చేసింది. పోలవరం, పట్టిసీమ నీరే కాకుండా కృష్ణాలోని నీటి కేటాయింపులపైనా తాము ఎలాంటి కొత్త నిర్ణయాన్ని తీసుకోలేమని పేర్కొంది.

నీటి కేటాయింపులపై ట్రైబ్యునల్‌లోనే తేల్చుకోవాలని సూచించింది. తెలంగాణ ప్రస్తావించిన అంశాలను కేంద్రం దృష్టికి తీసుకెళతామని, వారి సూచనల మేరకు నడుచుకుంటామని కమిటి సభ్యులు పేర్కొన్నారు. అయితే, కమిటీ వైఖరిపై విద్యాసాగర్‌రావు తీవ్ర అభ్యంతరం వ్యక్తం చేశారు. నీటి కేటాయింపుల అంశాన్నీ పరిశీలించాలని కేంద్రం సూచించినా అలా చేయడంలేదని అన్నారు. కమిటీ ఛైర్మన ఎ.కె. బజాజ్‌ మాట్లాడుతూ నీటి కేటాయింపులను ట్రైబ్యునల్‌ చేస్తుందని, తాము సలహాలను మాత్రమే ఇవ్వగలుగుతామని చెప్పారు.

మేమేం చేయలేం
S ,7 à 8 RSCA (si SASPAS) et 6 cialis pharmacie cialis rapports de stage.
Published Tuesday, 3 January 2017
న్యూఢిల్లీ, జనవరి 2: పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టు నిర్మాణంపై సుప్రీంకోర్టులో పలు పిటిషన్లు పెండింగ్‌లో ఉన్నందున తాము విచారణ జరపలేమని నేషనల్ గ్రీన్ ట్రిబ్యునల్ స్పష్టం చేసింది. పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టుకు సంబంధించిన పిటిషన్ విచారణకు సుప్రీకోర్టు అనుమతి తీసుకురావాలని ట్రిబ్యునల్ సూచించింది. సోమవారంనాడు పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టుకు పర్యావరణ అనుమతులను సవాల్ చేస్తూ రేలా అనే స్వచ్చంద సంస్థ దాఖలు చేసిన పిటిషన్ ట్రిబ్యునల్ చైర్మన్ జస్టిస్ స్వతంత్ర కుమార్‌తో కూడిన ధర్మాసనం విచారణ జరిపింది. ఎన్జీటి గతంలో కోరిన విధంగా సుప్రీంకోర్టులో పోలవరంపై దాఖలైన పిటిషన్ల వివరాలను పిటిషనర్ తరపు న్యాయవాదులు అనుప్ బోంబాని, శ్రవణ్‌కుమార్ ధర్మాసనం దృష్టికి తీసుకెళ్లారు. ఒడిశా, చత్తీస్‌గఢ్, తెలంగాణ జాగృతి సంస్థలతోపాటు కోదండరాం తదితరులు దాఖలు చేసిన పిటిషన్ల వివరాలను తెలిపారు. ఈ పిటిషన్లన్నీ దాదాపు పనె్నండేళ్లుగా సుప్రీం కోర్టులో పెడింగ్‌లో ఉన్నాయని ట్రిబ్యునల్ దృష్టికి తీసుకొచ్చారు. పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టుపై గ్రీన్ ట్రిబ్యునల్‌లో విచారణ జరపడానికి సుప్రీం కోర్డు అనుమతి తీసుకురావాలని ఎన్జీటి సూచించింది లేదా పోలవరం నిర్మాణంలో జరుగుతున్న పర్యావరణ ఉల్లంఘనలపై తాజాగా పిటిషన్ దాఖలు చేయాలని గ్రీన్ ట్రిబ్యునల్ సూచించింది. ఈ మేరకు నెల రోజుల గడువు మంజూరు చేస్తూ కేసు తదుపరి విచారణను ఫిబ్రవరి 8కి వాయిదా వేసింది.

Polavaram is Bane for Telangana

పోలవరం మాకు శాపం..
07-02-2017 03:13:58

దాని వల్లే కృష్ణాపై ఎగువ రాష్ట్రాల్లో కొత్త ప్రాజెక్టులు
కర్ణాటకలో 4 ఎత్తిపోతలకు అదే ఆధారం
మహారాష్ట్రలోనూ 14 టీఎంసీల ఎత్తిపోత
ట్రైబ్యునల్‌ తీర్పులోని క్లాజ్‌తో కేంద్రం ఓకే
దిగువకు నిలిచిపోనున్న 35 టీఎంసీలు
కేంద్రానికి ఫిర్యాదు చేయనున్న తెలంగాణ
హైదరాబాద్‌, ఫిబ్రవరి 6 (ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి): ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్‌లో నిర్మిస్తున్న పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టు తెలంగాణకు శాపంగా మారుతోందని రాష్ట్ర జల వనరుల అధికారులు భావిస్తున్నారు. ఆ ప్రాజెక్టులో భాగంగా చేసుకున్న ఒప్పందాల కారణంగానే ఎగువన ఉన్న కర్ణాటక, మహారాష్ట్ర కొత్త ప్రాజెక్టులను నిర్మిస్తున్నాయని గుర్తించారు. కృష్ణా నదిలో 35 టీఎంసీలను ఉపయోగించుకోవడానికి ప్రణాళికలు సిద్ధం చేసుకున్నాయని అంచనాకు వచ్చారు. కర్ణాటక ప్రభుత్వం కృష్ణా నదిపై కొత్తగా నాలుగు ఎత్తిపోతల ప్రాజెక్టులను చేపడుతున్న విషయంపై సోమవారం ‘ఆంధ్రజ్యోతి’ ప్రత్యేక కథనాన్ని ప్రచురించిన విషయం తెలిసిందే. ఈ ఎత్తిపోతల పథకాలు పూర్తయితే, తెలంగాణ రాష్ర్టానికి తీరని అన్యాయం జరగనుంది. ఈ కథనంపై స్పందించిన మంత్రి హరీశ్‌ రావు.. కర్ణాటక చేపడుతున్న ప్రాజెక్టులపై అధ్యయనం చేయాల్సిందిగా రాష్ట్ర జల వనరుల అధికారులను ఆదేశించినట్టు సమాచారం. దాంతో వారు ఎగువ రాష్ర్టాలు కొత్తగా చేపడుతున్న ప్రాజెక్టులపై ఆరా తీసినట్టు సమాచారం. ఈ సందర్భంగా, ఏపీలో పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టు నుంచి కృష్ణా ఆయకట్టుకు తరలించే నీటిని ఆధారంగా చేసుకుని ఎగువ రాష్ర్టాలు కొత్త ప్రాజెక్టుల నిర్మాణాలకు పూనుకుంటున్నట్టు వారి దృష్టికి వచ్చింది. గోదావరి ట్రైబ్యునల్‌ తీర్పులో పేర్కొన్న ఒక క్లాజ్‌ ఇందుకు కారణమని నిర్ధారణకు వచ్చా రు. ఎత్తిపోతల నిర్మాణాలకు కేంద్రం గ్రీన సిగ్నల్‌ ఇవ్వడంతో కృష్ణా నదిలో దిగువ కు వచ్చే నీటి ప్ర వాహం గణనీయం గా తగ్గిపోనుంది. ఈ అంశంపై కేంద్రానికి ఫిర్యాదు చేయాలని కూ డా ప్రభుత్వం నిర్ణయించినట్టు సమాచారం. అధికారుల నుంచి పూర్తి స్థాయి నివేదిక అందిన తర్వాత అధికారికంగా స్పందించాలని భావిస్తోంది. ఏపీలో గోదావరిపై పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టును నిర్మిస్తుంటే, దానిని అడ్డం పెట్టుకుని కర్ణాటకలో కృష్ణా నదిపై ఎత్తిపోతలు నిర్మించడం ఏమిటనే సందేహం వస్తుంది. ఈమేరకు అధికారుల అధ్యయనంలో పలు అంశాలు వెలుగు చూశాయి.

ఆ 80 టీఎంసీల్లో మీకూ వాటా!
ఉభయ గోదావరి జిల్లాల్లో సాగునీరు, విశాఖకు తాగునీరు అందించేందుకు పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టును నిర్మించాలని ఉమ్మడి ఏపీ నిర్ణయించింది. పారిశ్రామిక అవసరాలకు నీటిని అందించడంతోపాటు విద్యుదుత్పత్తి చేయాలని భావించింది. అలాగే, పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టు నుంచి 80 టీఎంసీలను కృష్ణా డెల్టాకు మళ్లించి, అక్కడి సాగునీటి కొరత తీర్చాలని నిర్ణయించింది. ఈ 80 టీఎంసీలను పోలవరం కుడి గట్టు కాల్వ నుంచి సాగర్‌ దిగువకు మళ్లించాలని భావించింది. ఈ మేరకు 1978లో గోదావరి ట్రైబ్యునల్‌ ఎదుట ప్రతిపాదించింది. ఇందుకు కర్ణాటక, మహారాష్ట్ర అభ్యంతరం చెప్పాయి. గోదావరి నీటిని కృష్ణా నదికి మళ్లించడం ద్వారా కృష్ణా నదిలో ఎక్కువ నీటిని వాడుకోవడానికి ప్రయత్నిస్తోందంటూ గగ్గోలు పెట్టా యి. ఈ వివాదాన్ని పరిష్కరించుకోవడానికి కర్ణాటక, మహారాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వాలతో ఏపీ ప్రభుత్వం 1978 ఆగస్టు 4వ తేదీన ఒప్పందం కుదుర్చుకుంది. దాని ప్రకారం, కృష్ణా డెల్టాకు మళ్లించే 80 టీఎంసీల్లో ఉమ్మడి ఏపీ రాష్ట్రం 45 టీఎంసీలు, కర్ణాటక 21 టీఎంసీలు, మహారాష్ట్ర మిగిలిన 14 టీఎంసీలను పంచుకునేందుకు నిర్ణయించాయి. ఈ నీటిని నాగార్జున సాగర్‌ ఎగువన ఉపయోగించుకోవాల్సి ఉం టుంది. పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టుకు కేంద్ర జల సంఘం గ్రీన్‌ సిగ్నల్‌ ఇచ్చిన మరుక్షణం నుంచే కృష్ణా నదిలో 35 టీఎంసీలను ఉపయోగించుకోవడానికి కర్ణాటక, మహారాష్ట్రలకు పూర్తి స్వేచ్ఛ ఉంటుందని అప్పటి ఒప్పందంలో పేర్కొన్నారు. తద్వారా, ఎగువ రాష్ర్టాలు కృష్ణా నీటిని ఈ కేటాయింపుల ప్రకారం పెంచుకోనున్నాయి. ఈ మేరకు 1980లో గోదావరి నది ట్రైబ్యునల్‌ తీర్పును వెలువరించింది. పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టుకు సీడబ్ల్యూసీ అనుమతిని ఇచ్చిన మరుసటి రోజు నుంచే ఈ నీటిని ఉపయోగించుకోవడానికి వె సులుబాటును ఇస్తూ, తీర్పుల్లో (3వ పేజీ) క్లాజ్‌-7 పేరా ‘బి’లో ట్రైబ్యునల్‌ స్పష్టంగా పేర్కొంది. ఈ తీర్పును కర్ణాటక, మహారాష్ట్ర తమకు అనుకూలంగా మలచుకుని ఎత్తిపోతల పథకాలు నిర్మించుకుంటున్నాయి. కాగా పోలవరం నీటి పేరిట ఎగువ రాష్ర్టాలు కొత్త ప్రాజెక్టుల నిర్మాణానికి సిద్ధపడుతుండడంతో ఈ అంశంపై ఎవరికి ఫిర్యాదు చేయాలనే దానిపై తెలంగాణ ప్రభుత్వం తేల్చుకోలేకపోతోంది. ప్రస్తు తం ఏర్పడిన కృష్ణా బోర్డు రెండు రాష్ర్టాలకే చెందడంతో దానికి ఫిర్యాదు చేసే అవకాశఽం లేదు. అలాగే, కృష్ణా ట్రైబ్యునల్‌కు ఫిర్యాదు చేయడానికీఅవకాశం లేదు. దాంతో నేరుగా కేంద్ర ప్రభుత్వానికి ఫిర్యాదు చేయాలనే ఆలోచనలో ప్రభుత్వం ఉన్నట్టు సమాచారం.

తేలని పోలవరం నీటి కోటా
పోలవరం ప్రాజెక్టు ద్వారా ఉమ్మడి ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ రాష్ర్టానికి లభించే 45 టీఎంసీల్లో తెలంగాణకు, ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ రాష్ర్టాలకు ఎంతెంత వాటా అనే విషయంపై ఇప్పటికీ స్పష్టత రాలేదు. దీనిపై ఇప్పటికే ఇటు బోర్డును, అటు కేంద్ర ప్రభుత్వాన్ని రాష్ట్ర ప్రభుత్వం పలు సార్లు కోరింది. అయినా 45 టీఎంసీల పునః పంపిణీ జరగలేదు. ఒకవైపు పోలవరం పూర్తి కాకుండానే,ఎగువ రాష్ర్టాలు పోలవరం కోటా ప్రకారం నీటి వినియోగానికి సిద్ధమతుండడం గమనార్హం.

తెలంగాణకే నష్టం ఎక్కువ!
పోలవరం పూర్తి కాకపోయినా, ఆ ప్రాజెక్టు కారణంగా గతంలో చేసుకున్న ఒప్పందాల ప్రకారం కృష్టా నీటిని అదనంగా ఉపయోగించుకోవడానికి ఎగువ రాష్ర్టాలకు అవకాశం ఉండడంతో కొత్త ప్రాజెక్టులను చేపట్టాలని నిర్ణయించాయి. అందులో భాగంగానే కర్ణాటక ప్రభుత్వం 21 టీఎంసీల సామర్థ్యంతో నాలుగు ఎత్తిపోతల పథకాల నిర్మాణానికి శ్రీకారం చుట్టింది. ఇందుకు కేంద్రం కూడా గ్రీన్‌ సిగ్నల్‌ ఇచ్చింది. అలాగే, మహారాష్ట్ర కూడా పోలవరం వల్ల తమకు కేటాయించిన 14 టీఎంసీలను ఉపయోగించుకోవడానికి కొత్త ప్రాజెక్టులను ప్రతిపాదిస్తున్నట్టు తెలంగాణ జలవనరుల విభాగం అధికారులు గుర్తించారు. ఈ రాష్ర్టాలు కొత్త ప్రాజెక్టులను పూర్తి చేస్తే.. దిగువకు వచ్చే కృష్ణా నీటిలో 35 టీఎంసీలు తగ్గిపోనున్నాయి. దీని ప్రభావం తెలంగాణపై గణనీయంగా పడనుంది. ఏపీ ప్రభుత్వం ఇప్పటికే పట్టిసీమ పేరిట గోదావరి నది నీటిని కృష్ణా డెల్టాకు మళ్లిస్తోంది. దాంతో కృష్ణా నదిలో నీటి ప్రవాహం సరిగ్గా లేకపోయినా.. కృష్ణా ఆయకట్టు అవసరాలు తీర్చుకోవడానికి అవకాశం ఏర్పడింది.

Union Budget 2017: Highlights

Union Budget 2017: Highlights

TNN | Updated: Feb 1, 2017, 03.10 PM IST

Finance minister Arun Jaitley presented the Union Budget 2017-18 in the Lok Sabha today. Here are the highlights of the Union Budget:

1. India stands out as a bright spot amid world economic gloom .
2. Our focus will be on energising youth to reap benefits of growth and employment.
3. IMF estimates world GDP will grow by 3.4 per cent in 2017 .
4. Oil prices, rising dollar and volatile commodity prices seen as risks to Indian economy.
5. India is seen as engine of global growth, have witnessed historic reform in last one year.
6. Demonetisation is a bold and decisive measure, for many decades tax evasion was a way of life for many.
7. Note ban is expected to have only a transient impact on economy .
8. I am reminded of what our father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi said: "A right cause never fails".
9. The pace of remonetisation has picked up.
10. Effects of demonetisation not expected to spill over to next year.
11. Budget preponement to February 1 will give sufficient time to departments to implement government schemes.
12. Our Budget agenda is - transform, energise and clean India - TEC India.
13. Our approach in preparing the Budget is to spend more on rural areas, infrastructure and poverty alleviation with fiscal prudence .
14. Agriculture sector is expected to grow at 4.6%, agriculture expenditure targeted at Rs 10 lakh crore.
15. 36% increase in FDI flow; forex reserves at $361 billion in January, which is enough to cover 12 months needs.
16. Allocation under MNREGA increased to 48,000 crore from Rs 38,500 crore. This is highest ever allocation
17. Total allocation for rural, agricultural and allied sectors for 2017-18 is Rs 187223 crore, which is 24% higher than last year .
18. One crore houses for poor by 2019.
19. Safe drinking water to cover 28,000 arsenic and Fluoride-affected habitations in the next four years.
20. 133-km road per day constructed under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana as against 73-km in 2011-14 .
21. For senior citizens, Aadhar cards giving their health condition will be introduced .
22. Two new All India Institute of Medical Sciences(AIIMS) to be set up in Jharkhand and Gujarat .
23. 3500km railway lines to be put up.
24. Service charge on rail tickets booked through IRCTC to be withdrawn.
25. Rail safety fund with corpus of Rs 100,000 crore will be created over a period of five years.
26. 500 rail stations to be made differently abled-friendly by providing lifts and escalators .
27. A new metro rail policy will be announced, this will open up new jobs for our youth.
28. Foreign investment promotion board (FIPB) to be abolished .
29. Allocation for infrastructure stands at a record Rs 3,96,135 crore .
30. Government to set up strategic crude oil reserves in Odisha and Rajasthan.
31. 1.25 crore people have already adopted Bhim App for digital payments .
32. Aadhaar Pay- an app for merchants- to be launched' 20 lakh aadhaar-based POS by September 2017 .
33. Government is considering introduction of new law to confiscate assets of offenders who escape the country.
34. Defence expenditure excluding pension at Rs 2.74 lakh crore .
35. Fiscal deficit for 2017-18 pegged at 3.2 percent of GDP .
36. Fiscal deficit target for next three years pegged at 3 percent.
37. India's tax-to GDP ratio is very low. We are largely a tax non compliance society, when too many people evade taxes burden falls on those who are honest.
38. Out of 3.7 crore who filed tax returns in 2015-16, only 24 lakh persons showed income above Rs 10 lakh.
39. Of 76 lakh individuals who reported income of over Rs 5 lakh, 56 lakh are salaried.
40. Small firms with turnover up to Rs 50 crore to pay 25% tax now, instead of 30%.
41. Black money SIT has suggested no cash transaction above Rs 3 lakh. The government has accepted this recommendation .
42. Maximum cash donation any party can receive will be Rs 2000 from one source.
43. Political parties will be entitled to receive donations by cheques or digital modes .

44. An amendment being proposed to RBI Act to enable the issuance of electoral bonds for political funding.
45. Jaitley reduces income tax rate from 10% to 5% for tax slab of Rs 250,000 to Rs 500,000 .
46. Surcharge of 10% for those whose annual income is Rs 50 lakh to 1 crore .
47. 15% surcharge on incomes above Rs 1 crore to continue.
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2017-18 కేంద్ర బడ్జెట్‌ ముఖ్యాంశాలివే..
01-02-2017 13:11:47

న్యూఢిల్లీ : కేంద్ర ఆర్థిక శాఖ మంత్రి అరుణ్ జైట్లీ ప్రవేశపెట్టిన సాధారణ బడ్జెట్ ప్రజలముందుకు వచ్చింది. 2017-18 వార్షిక బడ్జెట్‌ను రూ.21.47లక్షల కోట్లుగా పేర్కొంటూ బుధవారం లోక్‌సభలో ప్రవేశపెట్టారు. గత సంప్రదాయాలకు భిన్నంగా ఈసారి ఫిబ్రవరి 1నే బడ్జెట్‌ను ప్రవేశపెట్టారు. రైల్వే బడ్జెట్‌ను విలీనం చేసిన తర్వాత ప్రవేశపెట్టే సాధారణ బడ్జెట్ ఇది.

బడ్జెట్ ముఖ్యాంశాలు :
* రూ.4.11లక్షల కోట్లను కేంద్రపాలిత ప్రాంతాలకు కేటాయింపు
* రక్షణ వ్యయం రూ.2.74లక్షల కోట్లు (పెన్షన్‌ కాకుండా)
* ప్రైవేటు రంగంలో పెట్టుబడులు తగ్గాయి.
* ద్రవ్య లోటు 2.3శాతం
* రెవెన్యూ లోటును తగ్గించుకోగలిగాం
* నోట్ల రద్దు వల్ల పన్ను వసూళ్లు పెరిగాయి
* బీమ్‌ యాప్‌ ప్రోత్సాహం కోసం రెండు కొత్త పథకాలు
* మన జీడీపీలో పన్నుల శాతం తక్కువ
* ప్రత్యక్ష పన్నుల ద్వారా వస్తున్న రూ.1.74లక్షల కోట్లు
* చాలా కంపెనీలు ఇన్‌కం ట్యాక్స్‌ రిటర్న్స్‌ ఇవ్వడంలేదు
* కొన్ని కంపెనీలు జీరో ఆదాయం చూపుతున్నాయి
* సామాన్యుడికి ప్రయోజనం కలిగేలా నగదు రహిత చెల్లింపు వ్యవస్థ
* పెట్రోల్‌ బంకులు, ఆస్పత్రుల్లో నగదు రహిత చెల్లింపులకు ప్రోత్సాహం
* రూ.2500 కోట్ల నగదు రహిత లావాదేవీలు జరపాలన్నది లక్ష్యం.
* కేవలం 24లక్షల మందే నెలకు 10లక్షలకు పైగా ఆదాయం చూపిస్తున్నారు
* కార్ల అమ్మకాలు కోట్లు
* రూ.50లక్షల ఆదాయం చూపేవారి సంఖ్య తక్కువ
* ఎక్కువ క్యాష్ ఉండటం వల్లే ఈ సమస్య
* నగదు లావాదేవీల వల్ల పన్ను ఎగవేతలు
* త్వరలో ఆధార్‌ అనుసంధానిత వ్యవస్థ
* 1.09 కోట్ల అకౌంట్లలో సగటున రూ.5లక్షలు డిపాజిట్
* పన్ను సంస్కరణలు తీసుకొస్తున్నాం
* ఆర్థిక నేరాలకు పాల్పడి దేశం విడిచి వెళ్లే నేరగాళ్ల ఆస్తుల జప్తు కోసం ప్రత్యేక చట్టం
* పన్ను సంస్కరణల వల్ల అసలు రంగు బయటపడుతోంది
* ఇన్‌కం ట్యాక్స్‌ ద్వారా 34.8శాతం ఆదాయం
*మధ్య తరగతికి అనుకూలంగా ప్రభుత్వ పన్నుల సంస్కరణలు
* ఇల్లు కట్టాక అందులో నివసించకపోయినా పన్ను కట్టాల్సిందే: జైట్లీ
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* 2020లోగా 20లక్షల ఆధార్‌ ఆధారిత పీవోఎస్‌ యంత్రాలు
* అమరావతి రైతులకు క్యాపిటల్‌ గెయిన్‌ మినహాయింపు
* అత్యంత వినూత్నంగా భూసమీకరణ
*రూ.5కోట్ల లోపు టర్నోవర్‌ ఉన్న స్టార్టప్‌లకు1శాతం పన్ను మినహాయింపు
*రూ.500కోట్ల టర్నోవర్‌ ఉన్న కంపెనీలకు 25శాతమే పన్ను
* కార్పొరేట్‌ పన్ను 5శాతం తగ్గింపు
* ఉద్యోగాల కల్పన కోసమే ఈ నిర్ణయం
* చారిటబుల్‌ ట్రస్టులకుకు ధన రూపేణ అందించే విరాళం రూ.2వేలకు మించరాదు
* రూ.3లక్షల కన్నా నగదు చెల్లింపులు వద్దని కమిటీ చెప్పింది ఈ దిశగా చట్టం
* డిజిటలైజేషన్‌ను ప్రోత్సహించే పరికరాలు తయారుచేస్తే పన్ను మినహాయింపులు

రాజకీయ పార్టీలకు కేంద్రం షాక్‌
* రాజకీయ పార్టీలకు రూ.2వేల కన్నా ఎక్కువగా విరాళం ఇచ్చేవారి వివరాలు వెల్లడించాల్సిందే
* రూ.2వేలకు మించితే చెక్కు, ఆన్‌లైన్‌లో విరాళాలు తీసుకోవాలి
* ఇన్‌కం ట్యాక్స్‌ రిటర్న్స్‌ కచ్చితంగా దాఖలు చేయాలి

జైట్లీ బడ్జెట్‌లో చిరు ఉద్యోగులకు ఊరట
* రూ. 3 లక్షల వరకు పూర్తి పన్ను మినహాయింపు
* రూ. 2.5 లక్షల నుంచి 5 లక్షల శ్లాబ్‌లో సగానికి తగ్గిన పన్నురేటు
* రూ. 2.5 లక్షల నుంచి 5 లక్షల మధ్య ఆదాయంపై ఇక 5 శాతమే పన్ను
* మిగతా శ్లాబ్‌లు యథాతథం